Periodized nutrition for golfers -
Sports Medicine. Advance online publication. Bartlett , J. Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: Implications for mitochondrial biogenesis.
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 6 , — Brukner , P. Can elite athletes eat LCHF and win?
Burke , L. Fueling strategies to optimize performance: Training high or training low? Sports Medicine, 45 Suppl. Adaptations to short-term high-fat diet persist during exercise despite high carbohydrate availability. Commentary: Towards a universal understanding of diet-exercise strategies to manipulate fuel availability for training support and competition preparation in endurance sport.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28 5 , — Contemporary nutrition strategies to optimize performance in distance runners and race walkers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers.
The Journal of Physiology, 9 , — Carey , A. Effects of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on prolonged endurance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91 1 , — Costa , R. The effects of a high carbohydrate diet on cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A s-IgA during a period of increase exercise workload amongst Olympic and Ironman triathletes.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26 10 , — Nutrition for ultramarathon running: Trail, track, and road. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Gut-training: The impact of two weeks repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42 5 , — Cox , G. Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1 , — Coyle , E. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 61 1 , — De Bock , K. Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise with carbohydrate intake. Journal of Applied Physiology, 4 , — Hansen , A. Skeletal muscle adaptation: Training twice every second day vs.
training once daily. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98 1 , 93 — Havemann , L. Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance. Hawley , J. Carbohydrate dependence during prolonged, intense endurance exercise.
Hearris , M. Regulation of muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: Implications for endurance performance and training adaptations. Nutrients, 10 3 , E Heikura , I. Low energy availability is difficult to assess but outcomes have large impact on bone injury rates in elite distance athletes.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28 4 , — Heydenreich , J. Total energy expenditure, energy intake, and body composition in endurance athletes across the training season: A systematic review.
Sports Medicine Open, 3 1 , 8. Hulston , C. Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists.
Impey , S. Fuel for the work required: A theoretical framework for carbohydrate periodization and the glycogen threshold hypothesis. Issurin , V. New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Medicine, 40 3 , — Jeukendrup , A. Periodized nutrition for athletes.
Sports Medicine, 47 Suppl. Training the gut for athletes. Kiely , J. Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: Evidence-led or tradition-driven? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7 3 , — Periodization theory: Confronting an inconvenient truth. Sports Medicine, 48 4 , — Krogh , A.
The relative value of fat and carbohydrate as sources of muscular energy: With appendices on the correlation between standard metabolism and the respiratory quotient during rest and work.
Biochemical Journal, 14 3—4 , — Larson-Meyer , D. Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28 2 , — Leckey , J. High dietary fat intake increases fat oxidation and reduces skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in trained humans.
The FASEB Journal, 32 6 , — Loucks , A. Energy balance and energy availability. Maughan Ed. Oxford, UK : Wiley Blackwell. Marquet , L. Melin , A. Energy availability in athletics: Health, performance, and physique. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,.
Morton , J. Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 5 , — Mountjoy , M. International Olympic Committee IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport RED-S : update.
Mujika , I. Case study: Long-term low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs performance and subjective wellbeing in a world-class vegetarian long-distance triathlete.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 13 , 1 — 6. Murakami , H. Accuracy of wearable devices for estimating total energy expenditure: Comparison with metabolic chamber and doubly labeled water method. JAMA Internal Medicine. Nash , C. Tacit knowledge in expert coaching: Science or art?
Quest, 58 , — Noakes , T. Low-carbohydrate diets for athletes: What evidence? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48 14 , — Peeling , P. Sports foods and dietary supplements for optimal function and performance enhancement in track-and-field athletes.
Philp , A. Glycogen content regulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- partial differential PPAR-partial differential activity in rat skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE, 8 10 , e Phinney , S.
The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: Preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 32 8 , — Pilegaard , H.
Substrate availability and transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 54 8 , — Psilander , N. Exercise with low glycogen increases PGC-1α gene expression in human skeletal muscle.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 4 , — Rauh , M. Associations between the female athlete triad and injury among high school runners. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9 7 , — PubMed ID: Sale , C. Effect of carbohydrate feeding on the bone metabolic response to running.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 7 , — Selye , H. Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1 , — Slater , G.
Dietary approaches to optimize training adaptation and performance. Stellingwerff , T. Case study: Nutrition and training periodization in three elite marathon runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22 5 , — Case-study: Body composition periodization in an olympic-level female middle-distance runner over a 9-year career.
Nutritional strategies to optimize training and racing in middle-distance athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25 Suppl. Contemporary nutrition interventions to optimize performance in middle-distance runners. Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration.
American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2 , E — E Stone , M. A hypothetical model for strength training. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 21 4 , — Sygo , J. Fueling for the field: Nutrition for jumps, throws, and combined events. Torstveit , M. Within-day energy deficiency and metabolic perturbation in male endurance athletes.
Townsend , R. The effect of postexercise carbohydrate and protein ingestion on bone metabolism. Van Proeyen , K. Training in the fasted state facilitates re-activation of eEF2 activity during recovery from endurance exercise.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 7 , — Volek , J. Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 15 1 : 13 — Widrick , J.
Carbohydrate feedings and exercise performance: Effect of initial muscle glycogen concentration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 74 6 , — Witard , O. Dietary protein for training adaptation and body composition manipulation in track-and-field athletes.
Yeo , W. Acute signalling responses to intense endurance training commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen. Experimental Physiology, 95 2 , — Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens.
Morton is with the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Burke is with the Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia; and the Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
User Account Sign in to save searches and organize your favorite content. Not registered? Sign up My Content 0 Recently viewed 0 Save Entry. Recently viewed 0 Save Search. Human Kinetics. Previous Article Next Article.
A Framework for Periodized Nutrition for Athletics. in International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Trent Stellingwerff Trent Stellingwerff Canadian Sport Institute Pacific Athletics Canada University of Victoria British Columbia Search for other papers by Trent Stellingwerff in Current site Google Scholar PubMed Close.
James P. Morton James P. Morton Liverpool John Moores University Search for other papers by James P. Morton in Current site Google Scholar PubMed Close. Louise M. Burke Louise M. Burke Australian Institute of Sport Australian Catholic University Search for other papers by Louise M.
Burke in Current site Google Scholar PubMed Close. In Print: Volume Issue 2. Page Range: — Open access. Get Citation Alerts. Download PDF. Abstract Full Text PDF Author Notes.
Assessment of any nutrition ergogenic aids that synergistically match the macroperiodization. Maintenance of strength and power is emphasized. Time to relax for a while but you need to keep active if you want to get a flying start for next year.
During this time a break from serious strength training is often helpful. As pre-season approaches, more regular gym work can resume.
Physically, golf requires a mix of aerobic fitness and strength. You don't want to fade in the last few holes in a round because you feel tired, which impacts mental as well as physical performance.
While this program is for strength training, you should prepare well for the long days on the fairway with additional aerobic conditioning. Practice rounds might be enough for some players but additional cardio on the road or in the gym could work to your advantage.
Professional golfers like Gary Player, Greg Norman, and Tiger Woods have made strength training respectable, if not essential, for maximizing achievement in the sport. However, amateur and recreational golfers can also benefit from strength training. This is a four-phase weight training program that should suit most golfers.
The first phase concentrates on building basic strength and muscle. In the second phase, you'll focus on power delivery.
If you play all year round you can just continue with the power program once you build your basics. If you take a break for longer than a month, start again with the strength program. Consider this program an all-around program that is best suited to beginners or casual weight trainers without a history of weight training.
The best programs are specific to an individual's current fitness level, goals, and access to resources and coaches. If you're new to weight training, brush up on principles and practices with the beginner resources before you get started.
During this phase, you will build strength and muscle. The emphasis is on lifting moderately heavy weights in order to train the nervous system in conjunction with the muscle fibers to move bigger loads.
Hypertrophy, which is building muscle size, does not necessarily imply strength, although in this foundation phase some muscle-building will serve you well for strength development.
Strength will be the foundation for the next phase, which is power development. Power is the ability to move the heaviest loads in the shortest time. Power is essentially a product of strength and speed. For golf, power could mean a better tee shot, more control on those tricky approaches, or length on the big par five holes.
Time of year: Mid pre-season Duration: weeks Days per week: , with at least one day between sessions Reps: Sets: Phase 1 Exercises:. Points to Note:. In this phase, you build on the strength developed in phase 1 with training that will increase your ability to move a load at high velocity.
Power is combining strength and speed. Power training requires that you lift weights at high velocity and with explosive intent. You need to rest adequately between repetitions and sets so that each movement is done as fast as possible. The number of sets can be less than in phase 1. There is no point in training like this when you're fatigued.
Time of year: Late pre-season and in-season Duration: Ongoing Days per week: 2 Reps: 8 to 10 Sets: Rest between repetitions: 10 to 15 seconds Rest between sets: At least 1 minute or until recovery. Phase 2 Exercises:. Alternate phase 1 Strength and Muscle and phase 2 Power for a total of two sessions each week.
Every fifth week, skip weight training to assist recovery. If you have an off-season, it's the time to rest up. You need this time for emotional and physical renewal. For several weeks, you can forget about golf and focus on other things. That said, it's a good idea to stay fit and active with cross training or other activities you enjoy.
Give yourself plenty of time to rest and get ready to do it all again next year. Evans JW. Periodized Resistance Training for Enhancing Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength: A Mini-Review. Front Physiol. National Academy of Sports Medicine.
Hypertrophy: Back to The Basics. Hotfiel T, Freiwald J, Hoppe MW, et al. Advances in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness DOMS : Part I: Pathogenesis and Diagnostics.
Sportverletz Sportschaden. Harvard Health Publishing. Power Training Provides Special Benefits for Muscles and Function. McKendry J, Pérez-López A, McLeod M, et al. Short inter-set rest blunts resistance exercise-induced increases in myofibrillar protein synthesis and intracellular signalling in young males.
But with Peripdized right food choices fof, Protein for improved focus and concentration, and after play, Periodized nutrition for golfers can improve nugrition physical and mental performance. Susan Kundrat, Priodized, RD, CSSD, Periodizdd, is the Sports Dietitian at the University Perildized Illinois and President Endurance training for triathletes Nutrition on the Move, Inc. She is the editor of The Nutrition Edge and author of Sports Nutrition Tips. She can be reached at : [email protected]. Golf is often viewed as a leisure activity, but when played in a competitive environment, players can cover more than five miles walking an hole course. In four hours of play, they can burn upwards of 2, calories. Just five years ago, I gave a nutrition presentation to a room full of players at an LPGA event.Periodized nutrition for golfers -
A typical round of golf 18 holes takes 3 to 5 hours to complete, depending on the skill level of the golfer. While the average length of a course is 7km, a golfer could walk 10 to 20 km depending on the accuracy of shots to complete a round.
Professional golfers can spend up to 8 hours a day on the golf course working on specific skills, playing practice rounds or competitions. Tournaments are conducted as a single round on one day or as multi-day competitions of two or four rounds on consecutive days.
In Australia, winter is the Pro-Am competition season and professional players typically travel on a circuit between club tournaments. During this season, a pro-golfer could play in ten tournaments, for a total of fifteen days of competition each month. The major international tournaments in Australia are played from January to March and from October to December, around the major international season that runs from April to October.
As such, pro-golfers are on tour most of the year, travelling all over the world to compete in international tournaments. Playing conditions vary widely however most tournaments are played in the summer months, and often in the hottest part of the day, which highlights the requirement for good hydration habits.
Although the nature of the game is lower intensity, higher body fat levels may impair performance through greater heat intolerance, and thus a greater susceptibility to physical fatigue and an increased risk of injuries. A general healthy eating pattern helps to support the needs of fit, energetic and lean golfers.
Nutrition is often based around lean proteins for muscle repair and recovery and quality carbohydrate foods to match fuel needs. In addition, fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and wholegrains provide important vitamins and minerals, along with healthy fats.
Low glycemic index GI carbohydrates choices such as brown rice, multigrain bread, porridge or baked beans can be better fuelling options to sustain training requirements and prevent fatigue over long days of training and competition. Your Gut The 2nd Brain Determines Body Fat, Health, Disease and More….
Top 3 Micronutrients You Are Missing, Yet Desperately Need. Why YOU Are Not Getting Results. I think everyone, at least once within his or her training history, has been stuck….
Have you ever heard this analogy? Or even worse,…. Fad diets do work, at first. And then the results slowly taper off until they…. The TRUTH About Meal Timing. I get so many…. LESS THAN 2 WEEKS OUT!!!! I think it finally hit me that I will….
Everything You Need To Know About Carb-Cycling. Growth must be forced. This is going to be short, to the point, and powerful…. Self Limiting Behaviors. Hey… You or someone you know NEEDS to read this. So please,…. Clean Eating VS. Tracking Macros. Cracking The "Carbohydrate Code". I get a ton of nutrition questions on a daily basis, but the topic that….
Making enough time for fitness seems to be a pretty common roadblock amongst people. CLAIMING MY POWER. Functional Upper Body Training Session [Full Workout Explained]. The Repeated Bout Effect Is Muscle Damage A Good Thing…?
What is the repeated bout effect? The repeated bout effect RBE occurs when a single…. What Becoming an IFBB Bikini Pro Taught Me. Dieting down to get stage lean might be one of the most strict diets on….
The Final 10lbs…. Precision comes into…. What To Do After The CrossFit Open. One of the biggest mistakes I see in the training world with clients… is training,…. The Ultimate Kettlebell Workout Guide.
How To Lean Bulk Properly Build Muscle, Without Gaining Fat. Table of Contents What Is A Lean Bulk? What Is Dirty Bulking? Who Should Lean….
Is It Healthy To Be A Vegetarian? Putting Ethics Aside. What is the healthiest way to eat? What is the best way to eat to…. There are 4 key parts of health and longevity promotion and today we are discussing…. The 10 Diet Commandments. In honor of the one of the greatest hip-hop artists to ever touch the….
The Mind Muscle Connection: The Key To Better Awareness, Injury Prevention, and Progress. When it comes to increasing muscle mass and getting stronger, there are a number of…. Training To Failure Yes or No? and New Year Resolutions How To Not Fail — February Research Review.
It went…. Progress is made at the speed of trust. This one BLEW OUR MINDS this week…. Maya Angelou has a famous quote,…. Intermittent Fasting — Everything You NEED To Know. Recovery Discover What Actually Determines Your Results.
How To Change Your Behaviors and Lose More Weight. We appear to be going about health and weight loss all wrong.
As nutrition coaches,…. Something I hear quite often, people are asking to get on the…. Plain and simple, this…. Is Flexible Dieting Good For Weight Loss? IIFYM vs. Meal Plans. Is Flexible or Rigid Dieting Better For Weight Loss?
People who use a flexible diet…. The New Year is upon us, which means its resolutions time. How To Use A TDEE and BMR Calculator To Lose Weight. How To Use TDEE and BMR Calculator To Lose Weight BMR Basal Metabolic Rate and…. How To Properly Warm Up, For Strength Training. But Where Do I Start…?
Most people…. Why You SHOULD Drink Coffee… [Myths vs. Time to Take Action! These past few weekends I have had the opportunity to learn and hang with some…. This actually comes straight out of a…. Your efforts need to match your goals.
I attended a webinar recently and the speaker…. Why You Are Fat, Lazy and Tired All The Time. Nutrient Timing What The Science Actually Tells Us. calories out…. Ready, Aim, FIRE.
There is…. Concurrent Training: A Practical Guide, Backed By Science. How Sore Should You Be After A Workout? Many people question whether or not getting sore after a workout training session is a…. How To Naturally Boost Your Testosterone Levels. How Your Testosterone Levels Impact Muscle Growth.
Are Body Fat Machines Accurate? Why you hate Monday. Hating Monday is a sign that you have a lack of…. Being awesome is to say the least, well its awesome. So in my opinion everyone…. Fit over One thing I always hear in the gym that irritates the hell out of me….
The Definitive Guide To Thyroid Health. I put this as number one because it is obvious but not done…. Cardio vs. Which is better for fat loss or improved body composition? As with…. Two weeks down…. Only ten more to go. Damn… TEN?!
I think time has slowed…. Nobody is Self-Made. How to Create A Fat Loss Meal Plan. First we need to define and differentiate the different kinds of diets you can follow….
EPISODE 8: Trust The Process. Week 7 is complete, week 8 is here and my physique show feels like it…. Cardio 8 Proven Methods To Upgrade Your Conditioning. Cardio is something that most of us avoid, some of us hate, and very few…. Training Volume: How Many Sets Per Week is Enough?
The Volume Landmarks The optimal amount of volume is going to be somewhere between the…. NOT a cheat day! My Diet Story.
The Good, The Bad, The Ugly…. I know…. Two-A-Day Training: Is More Better? Or Destructive? Training twice per day, also known as two-a-days, stems from the idea that more is…. Top 3 Overrated Fads, in the Diet World.
Today my goal is simple and hopefully a quick one… That is to break down,…. Does Cortisol Affect Fat Loss? Yoga For Meatheads Should Weightlifters Do Yoga? Many guys and even gals who are into strength training switch off when they hear….
Success is how you SEE it. What is the easiest diet to stay on? Over million google searches tells us that this is one of the most commonly asked…. Better Gut, Better Abs. Today, you will learn 5 ways you can burn more fat on a daily basis…….
Steps to Success. Diet Breaks: Defined and Applied. Today we are going to talk about how you can maximize the effectiveness of your…. How to Build Lasting Habits, While Breaking The Ones Holding You Back. Second podcast. Just being honest. Well, let me give…. Body Fat Overshooting Post Diet Consequences.
We live in what feels like the peak of a fad diet culture, where media…. The 1 Thing Holding Us Back. How Low Can You Take Your Calories? People want to lose weight as fast as possible, but at some point it becomes….
What Are The Health Benefits To Eating Organ Meat? Food fads come and go. An acai bowl one year, hemp hearts the next. Quick Fix For Low Back Pain. Low back pain is probably one of the most common issues of pain within the…. This is not a guide for how to quickly lose 10 pounds of fat, so….
This could be…. Are you eating enough? This is a question that I personally have had to ask many clients, even myself…. The Pursuit Of Happiness: 5 Steps to a Happier Lifestyle. Sometimes the most important thing in life is to simply just be a good person…….
The Complete Guide To Using Cluster Sets What? Cluster Sets are a training method that has been around for a VERY long period…. Superfoods Fact or Fiction? Intermittent Fasting. The Definitive Guide To Creatine Monohydrate. LEAVE A LEGACY, LIVE FOREVER. The Ultimate Evidence Based Supplement Guide.
When I decided to write this article, my first thought was actually just being surprised…. Can You Drink Alcohol and Lose Fat? Why YOU Should Add Super-Shakes To Your Diet [PLUS 4 Recipes!
Metabolic Adaptation and Concurrent Training [October Research Round Up]. Getting Through The Holidays [Without Ruining Your Progress].
The holidays are a time for friends, family, and yes, lots of good food! Does Caffeine HELP or STOP Fat Loss? Caffeine can help you burn fat… But wait it can mess with your adrenal glands…….
Or Vital For Health? Organic food…. Is it worth the extra money? Will you get sick and diet if…. Eliminating Your Cravings, For Good 5 Simple Strategies. When fat loss is the goal, cravings can be your worst nightmare… and even when…. Power List. One of the most SIMPLE things you can do to get more shit….
How Hormones Influence Fat Loss and Muscle Growth. Designing The Perfect Workout Finisher. First — what exactly IS a finisher? The majority of the people I work with, including myself, want to lose body fat….
EPISODE 2: Determination Leads to Success. Week 1 is complete! And DAMN…. That was a long week! But the best feeling…. Win The Rest of , By Doing This. I think most people fail to reach…. TRY HARDER. Try harder. And I should just end it here.
Because honestly… why…. Become Your Own Stoic. You ever wonder how stoics and the old famous philosophers became…. The ABSOLUTE Best Way To Burn Fat. THIS IS NOT CLICKBATE! These are REAL foods that men THRIVE off of.
I had…. Periodization And Timing of Macronutrients. Probiotics And The Gut. Sleep For Success. The Science Of Hydration.
Wasted Workouts. What's In Your Sweat? Nutrition Considerations for Firefighters. Download Handout. Downloadable Resources Collegiate and Professional Sports Dietitians Association collaborates with our partners to develop sports nutrition educational tools and resources.
Strong Bones Support Strong Performance Download Handout Hydrate Early and Often Download Handout Build a Performance Enhancing Plate Download Handout Pre-Workout Nutrition Download Handout.
Fueling During Exercise Download Handout Fueling Essentials for the Lactose Intolerant Athlete Download Handout Fueling For Recovery Download Handout Power Performance with Protein Download Handout. Sports Nutrition Fact Sheets. The National Collegiate Athletic Association, Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Nutrition, and the Collegiate and Professional Sports Dietitians Association are working together to provide nutrition information on the topic of health and safety for collegiate athletes, coaches, administrators and others through the development of Fact Sheets, Articles and Webinars.
Dietary Supplements Fact Sheet. Healthy Grocery Shopping. Lacrosse Sports Nutrition.
Periodization is defined as forr something up into golefrs blocks. In nutrktion to effectively train, Peppermint oil for hair modulate fot intensity, volume, Protein for improved focus and concentration frequency gokfers our Protein for improved focus and concentration so we show up on race day as fit nutfition rested as possible. These training changes put different demands on our bodies to elicit specific physiological responses. If the demands on our bodies vary, it follows that our nutrition to fuel our bodies should vary as well. Therefore, understanding nutrition periodization is vital to achieving optimal performance. The amount needed of each of the three macronutrients: carbohydrate, protein and fat for each phase will vary, not only depending on what training cycle you are in, but also on your sport, individual physiology and performance goals.
die Ausgezeichnete Phrase