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Body Fat Distribution - DEXA Scan Fat Mass - Fat Mass IndexBody fat distribution -
Abdominal fat storage patterns are generally compared to the shape of an apple, called the android shape. This shape is more commonly found in males and post- menopausal females. In terms of disease risk, this implies males and post- menopausal females are at greater risk of developing health issues associated with excessive visceral fat.
Individuals who experience chronic stress tend to store fat in the abdominal region. A pear-shaped body fat distribution pattern, or gynoid shape , is more commonly found in pre-menopausal females.
Gynoid shape is characterized by fat storage in the lower body such as the hips and buttocks. Besides looking in the mirror to determine body shape, people can use an inexpensive tape measure to measure the diameter of their hips and waist.
Many leading organizations and experts currently believe a waist circumference of 40 or greater for males and 35 or greater for females significantly increases risk of disease. In addition to measuring waist circumference, measuring the waist and the hips and using a waist-to-hip ratio waist circumference divided by the hip circumference is equally effective at predicting body fat-related health outcomes.
According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a ratio of greater than 0. Concepts of Fitness and Wellness Flynn et al. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest — Goss AM, Darnell BE, Brown MA, Oster RA, Gower BA Longitudinal associations of the endocrine environment on fat partitioning in postmenopausal women.
Obesity Silver Spring — CAS Google Scholar. Seidell JC, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Kvist H, Sannerstedt R Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels.
Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP et al The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. Smith SR, Zachwieja JJ Visceral adipose tissue: a critical review of intervention strategies. Ronn M, Kullberg J, Karlsson H et al Bisphenol A exposure increases liver fat in juvenile fructose-fed Fischer rats.
Toxicology — Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Hu FB Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar. Bjorntorp P Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev — Souren NY, Paulussen AD, Loos RJ et al Anthropometry, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey: heritabilities.
Diabetologia — Mills GW, Avery PJ, McCarthy MI et al Heritability estimates for beta cell function and features of the insulin resistance syndrome in UK families with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Selby JV, Newman B, Quesenberry CP Jr et al Genetic and behavioral influences on body fat distribution. Int J Obes — Rose KM, Newman B, Mayer-Davis EJ, Selby JV Genetic and behavioral determinants of waist-hip ratio and waist circumference in women twins. Obes Res — Heid IM, Jackson AU, Randall JC et al Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution.
Nat Genet — Perusse L, Despres JP, Lemieux S, Rice T, Rao DC, Bouchard C Familial aggregation of abdominal visceral fat level: results from the Quebec Family Study. Malis C, Rasmussen EL, Poulsen P et al Total and regional fat distribution is strongly influenced by genetic factors in young and elderly twins.
Peeters MW, Beunen GP, Maes HH et al Genetic and environmental determination of tracking in subcutaneous fat distribution during adolescence. Ersek RA, Bell HN, Salisbury AV Serial and superficial suction for steatopygia Hottentot bustle. Aesthet Plast Surg — Garg A Clinical review : Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab — Yang W, Thein S, Guo X et al Seipin differentially regulates lipogenesis and adipogenesis through a conserved core sequence and an evolutionarily acquired C-terminus. Biochem J — Agarwal AK, Arioglu E, De Almeida S et al AGPAT2 is mutated in congenital generalized lipodystrophy linked to chromosome 9q Razani B, Combs TP, Wang XB et al Caveolindeficient mice are lean, resistant to diet-induced obesity, and show hypertriglyceridemia with adipocyte abnormalities.
J Biol Chem — Aboulaich N, Chui PC, Asara JM, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E Polymerase I and transcript release factor regulates lipolysis via a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. Garg A, Peshock RM, Fleckenstein JL Adipose tissue distribution pattern in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy Dunnigan variety.
Hum Mol Genet — Wojtanik KM, Edgemon K, Viswanadha S et al The role of LMNA in adipose: a novel mouse model of lipodystrophy based on the Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy mutation. J Lipid Res — Wegner L, Andersen G, Sparsø T et al Common variation in LMNA increases susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and associates with elevated fasting glycemia and estimates of body fat and height in the general population: studies of 7, Danish Whites.
Hegele RA, Cao H, Harris SB, Zinman B, Hanley AJ, Anderson CM Genetic variation in LMNA modulates plasma leptin and indices of obesity in aboriginal Canadians.
Physiol Genomics — Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol — Toy BR Familial multiple lipomatosis. Dermatol Online J Schoenmakers EF, Wanschura S, Mols R, Bullerdiek J, Van den BH, Van de Ven WJ Recurrent rearrangements in the high mobility group protein gene, HMGI-C, in benign mesenchymal tumours.
Markowski DN, Thies HW, Gottlieb A, Wenk H, Wischnewsky M, Bullerdiek J HMGA2 expression in white adipose tissue linking cellular senescence with diabetes. Genes Nutr — Fedele M, Battista S, Manfioletti G, Croce CM, Giancotti V, Fusco A Role of the high mobility group A proteins in human lipomas.
Carcinogenesis — Battista S, Fidanza V, Fedele M et al The expression of a truncated HMGI-C gene induces gigantism associated with lipomatosis. Cancer Res — Zhou X, Benson KF, Ashar HR, Chada K Mutation responsible for the mouse pygmy phenotype in the developmentally regulated factor HMGI-C.
Pasquali D, Pierantoni GM, Fusco A et al Fenofibrate increases the expression of high mobility group AT-hook 2 HMGA2 gene and induces adipocyte differentiation of orbital fibroblasts from Graves' ophthalmopathy.
J Mol Endocrinol — Widen E, Lehto M, Kanninen T, Walston J, Shuldiner AR, Groop LC Association of a polymorphism in the beta 3-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns.
Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Dionne FT et al ApoB gene EcoRI polymorphism. Relations to plasma lipoprotein changes associated with abdominal visceral obesity. Arterioscler Thromb — Rebuffe-Scrive M, Lundholm K, Bjorntorp P Glucocorticoid hormone binding to human adipose tissue.
Eur J Clin Invest — Fried SK, Russell CD, Grauso NL, Brolin RE Lipoprotein lipase regulation by insulin and glucocorticoid in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues of obese women and men.
Alessi MC, Peiretti F, Morange P, Henry M, Nalbone G, Juhan-Vague I Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by human adipose tissue: possible link between visceral fat accumulation and vascular disease. Kloting N, Graham TE, Berndt J et al Serum retinol-binding protein is more highly expressed in visceral than in subcutaneous adipose tissue and is a marker of intra-abdominal fat mass.
Cell Metab — Montague CT, Prins JB, Sanders L et al Depot-related gene expression in human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. Lefebvre AM, Laville M, Vega N et al Depot-specific differences in adipose tissue gene expression in lean and obese subjects.
Parikh H, Groop L Candidate genes for type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord — Bottcher Y, Unbehauen H, Kloting N et al Adipose tissue expression and genetic variants of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A gene BMPR1A are associated with human obesity.
Kovacs P, Geyer M, Berndt J et al Effects of genetic variation in the human retinol binding protein-4 gene RBP4 on insulin resistance and fat depot-specific mRNA expression. Schleinitz D, Kloting N, Korner A et al Effect of genetic variation in the human fatty acid synthase gene FASN on obesity and fat depot-specific mRNA expression.
Obesity — Schleinitz D, Kloting N, Bottcher Y et al Genetic and evolutionary analyses of the human bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 BMPR2 in the pathophysiology of obesity.
PLoS One 6:e Yang X, Smith U Adipose tissue distribution and risk of metabolic disease: does thiazolidinedione-induced adipose tissue redistribution provide a clue to the answer?
Kodama N, Tahara N, Tahara A et al Effects of pioglitazone on visceral fat metabolic activity in impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98 11 — Ristow M, Muller-Wieland D, Pfeiffer A, Krone W, Kahn CR Obesity associated with a mutation in a genetic regulator of adipocyte differentiation.
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Epigenetics — Genome Res — Download references. DS is funded by the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation.
YB and PK are supported by the IFB AdiposityDiseases K50D and K to YB; K and K to PK. IFB AdiposityDiseases is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF , Germany, FKZ: 01EO DS, YB, MB and PK were responsible for the conception and design of the manuscript, drafting the manuscript, revising it critically for intellectual content and approving the final version.
Integrated Research and Treatment Center IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Peter Kovacs. Reprints and permissions.
Schleinitz, D. et al. The genetics of fat distribution. Diabetologia 57 , — Download citation. Received : 01 November Accepted : 18 February Published : 16 March Issue Date : July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Fat stored in visceral depots makes obese individuals more prone to complications than subcutaneous fat.
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Introduction Obesity increases the individual risk for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, fatty liver disease, hypertension and cardiovascular disease [ 1 ]. Measurement of fat distribution In clinical practice, waist circumference WC and WHR are widely used variables used to determine regional FD.
Which factors determine fat distribution? Full size image. Genetic background of fat distribution There is good evidence that not only obesity but also FD is controlled by genetic factors, and that this is independent of BMI and overall obesity [ 26 , 27 ].
Conditions of altered fat distribution Conditions such as steatopygia and lipodystrophies also support the role of genetics in FD. Candidate genes for regulating fat distribution The classical approach to examining the heterogeneity of adipose tissue is based on comparisons of protein and gene function and expression between the visceral and subcutaneous fat depots.
Developmental genes in the regulation of fat distribution Fat depot-specific expression of developmental genes provides further support for the strong genetic background of FD [ 92 ]. Epigenetics and other aspects It should be noted that, despite recent advances in the field of high-throughput genetic analyses resulting in a number of novel polymorphisms associated with WHR, these polymorphisms can only explain a small proportion of phenotypic variance and genetic heritability in FD [ 30 ].
Closing remarks Undoubtedly, and regardless of forms of altered FD, fat deposition is strongly determined by genetic factors. Abbreviations CT: Computerised tomography eQTL: Expression quantitative trait locus FD: Fat distribution GWAS: Genome-wide association studies SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism WC: Waist circumference.
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Ditribution may not appreciate tat fat, especially when it distributiom in Body fat distribution areas like our bellies or thighs. Within distribktion matrix of body fat, also called adipose tissue, Body fat distribution is not Body fat distribution fat Saltwater Fish Species but nerve and immune cells and connective tissue. Macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils are some of the immune cells found in fat tissue that play a role in inflammation—both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory. Fat cells also secrete proteins and build enzymes involved with immune function and the creation of steroid hormones. Fat cells can grow in size and number. The amount of fat cells in our bodies is determined soon after birth and during adolescence, and tends to be stable throughout adulthood if weight remains fairly stable. These larger fat cells become resistant to insulin, which increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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